Bradford Scholars
Bradford Scholars is the University of Bradford online research archive. Access is free to anyone interested in research being conducted at Bradford. In the repository you will find a range of materials from journal articles and conference papers to research reports and theses.
Contact the repository team via openaccess@bradford.ac.uk with any queries about Open Access or how to deposit your research papers.
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Recent Submissions
Publication Clinician-Assisted Exploratory Data Analysis Framework for Early Diagnosis of Keratoconus(2025-05-20)Advances in corneal imaging have generated vast datasets, making it challenging to extract clinically relevant insights. Machine Learning (ML) provides ophthalmologists with essential tools for keratoconus (KC) detection and clinical decision-making. However, effective Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) remains crucial for identifying trends, forming hypotheses, and selecting key parameters to build robust ML models. This paper presents a comprehensive EDA framework that fosters collaboration between AI specialists and clinicians to enable early KC detection. Using statistical and visual techniques alongside expert input, a clinical dataset with 79 features from 2,491 cases is pre-processed, analyzed, and effectively prepared for ML modelling. The analysis identified a key subset of features–just 6.3% of the original dataset–which was used to develop and evaluate the classification performance of several ML models. Among them, the Random Forest model achieved 99.6% accuracy, surpassing previous studies and demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed EDA framework.Publication Quantifying automotive lidar system uncertainty in adverse weather: mathematical models and validation(2025-07-23)Lidar technology is a key sensor for autonomous driving due to its precise environmental perception. However, adverse weather and atmospheric conditions involving fog, rain, snow, dust, and smog can impair lidar performance, leading to potential safety risks. This paper introduces a comprehensive methodology to simulate lidar systems under such conditions and validate the results against real-world experiments. Existing empirical models for the extinction and backscattering of laser beams are analyzed, and new models are proposed for dust storms and smog, derived using Mie theory. These models are implemented in the CARLA simulator and evaluated using Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2). The simulation methodology introduced allowed the authors to set up test experiments replicating real-world conditions, to validate the models against real-world data available in the literature, and to predict the performance of the lidar system in all weather conditions. This approach enables the development of virtual test scenarios for corner cases representing rare weather conditions to improve robustness and safety in autonomous systems.Publication The individual and situational factors predicting unethical behaviour in the workplace: a direct and conceptual replication of Jones & Kavanagh (1996)(2025)Intentions to act unethically in the workplace are purported to be driven by a number of situational and individual factors. Across two seminal vignette experiments, Jones and Kavanagh reported inconsistent effect sizes for manager and peer influence and locus of control, consistent significant effects for work quality and Machiavellianism, and consistent non-significant effects for gender. Using an innovative multi-site collaboration, the current Registered Report represents a direct replication of these experiments (N = 2218), and adds a longitudinal conceptual replication capturing self-reported unethical work behaviour (N = 1747). Both replications found a consistent small effect of having a more external locus of control and male identity, and a consistent moderate effect of machiavellianism, for increasing unethical intentions and behaviour. The situational factors, whilst consistent in direction with that of the original study, varied more substantively in effect size. Our results highlight the value of multi-site collaborations and different replication types in developing conceptual, methodological, measurement and theoretical clarity to ensure future works can progress more rapidly to minimize the negative impacts of unethical workplace behaviour and improve individual’s working lives. All materials, code and data for this project can be found here: osf.io/d3arx.Publication Integrating Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Management Education: An Empathy Framework(Wiley, 2025-08-05)Are future managers well equipped to drive the transformation towards more inclusive and just societies? This paper presents the perspectives of business school students on integrating diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) principles into management education. We engage students as participants, co-researchers and consultants in a student voice-informed, multi-method qualitative study taking place in the United Kingdom (East and West Midlands, South East and West and North regions) and in the United States (Midwest region), focusing on marketing as a case discipline. Findings illuminate student critiques of the prevalent normative coverage of DEI, to the detriment of applied knowledge and action-oriented learning. We draw on the concept of empathy as a foundational lens for understanding and conceptualizing student expectations and develop a theoretical framework for holistically integrating DEI into management education. Our framework offers a theoretical under standing of shortcomings in current DEI learning in business schools and advances empathy as integral to both DEI and responsible management education. It proposes a novel direction for pedagogical innovations addressing social justice broadly and DEI specifically and showcases the value of student voice-informed methodologies in education research for curriculum change.Publication Rural-Urban Digital Divide: Evidence from Indian States(2025)The Indian economy has achieved significant progress in the recent years with the country expected to contribute about 16 percent of the global growth. However, at the sub-national level economic development has been quite disparate over the decades with widening inequality between the richer western and southern states and other parts of the country. Moreover, the pandemic has revealed sharp inequalities in the access to digital technology especially in access to school education, finance, and health. In this study we examine the digital divide in India, mainly between rural and urban areas at the sub-national level. Specifically, our study builds Digital Infrastructure Index (DII) and the Digital Skills Index (DSI) for a sample of 18 Indian states, separately for rural and urban populations within each state. We then measure rural-urban digital divide for both indices separately. Further we examine the relationship between the indices and socio- economic indicators. Our findings suggest that the “Digital India” growth story is far from equitable and that the low-income states and the rural population deserve greater attention.